水位高程变化对湿地土壤微生物代谢功能的影响研究——以蚌湖为例

在淡水湖泊生态系统中,水位高程的变化会对整个生态系统产生重要的影响。本研究以鄱阳湖最具代表性的碟形湖——蚌湖为实验地点,研究了水位高程对于湖泊湿地土壤微生物代谢功能的影响。在实验中沿水位高程及植被带演替布设6个样地,利用Biolog-Eco技术探究不同水位高程样地土壤微生物群落代谢功能的多样性及分布规律。结果表明:随着样地水位高程的降低,土壤含水量逐渐升高,地表植被的覆盖率逐渐减少,土壤有机养分出现先减小后增大的趋势;而土壤微生物对碳源代谢活性随着高程的降低依次减弱,且优先利用的碳源种类和碳源利用率也有显著不同。通过dbRDA排序分析表明:土壤微生物群落功能多样性沿高程呈现区域性分布特征,相邻的两样地土壤微生物碳源代谢功能更为相近。影响湿地土壤微生物碳源代谢功能的主要因子为土壤含水量、土壤有机质含量、pH、NH_4-N和地表植被类型。本研究结果可为合理管理和保护鄱阳湖湿地生态系统提供科学的指导。     

Concentrations of microcystins in tissues of several fish species from freshwater reservoirs and ponds

The aim of this study is to summarise the determination of concentrations of microcystins (MCs) in muscle and liver of freshwater fish species caught in stagnant waters of the Czech Republic. Within the years 2007–2009, 351 muscle samples and 291 liver samples of 16 freshwater fish species derived from four fishponds, and four water reservoirs were analysed. MCs were detected in 53 liver samples. The highest concentrations of microcystins were determined in liver samples of carnivorous fish species; 50.3 ng/g of fresh weight (FW) in perch (Perca fluviatilis) and 22.7 ng/g FW in pikeperch (Sander lucioperca). MCs in liver were detected in other five fish species; asp (Aspius aspius), pike (Esox lucius), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and European eel (Anguilla anguilla). Concentrations of MCs in liver of nine fish species (European bream, whitefish, tench, silver carp, European catfish, roach, chub, crucian carp and rudd) were below the detection limit of 1.2–5.4 ng/g FW for different MC congeners. However, the concentrations of MCs in all muscle samples were below the detection limit. The assessment of MCs concentrations might be influenced by the detection method used. Due to the concentrations of MCs being below the detection limit in muscle samples of all fish species analysed, it seems that there might be a low potential threat for human health in case of fish muscle consumption.     

关于循环经济的思考

根据循环经济的突出特点,阐释循环经济给生产和生活等方面带来的改变,为关于循环经济方面的决策提供一个新的参考。     

干旱区土壤盐渍化及其对生态环境的损害评估——以新疆沙雅县为例

沙雅县是我国重要的棉粮基地之一,但长期以来土壤盐渍化与次生盐渍化一直是制约农业发展的关键因素之一.介绍了新疆干旱区沙雅县土壤盐渍化的状况,分析了引起土壤盐渍化的因素,并进行了土壤盐渍化对生态环境损害的经济评估.沙雅县的盐渍化土壤主要分布在渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲,其中以托依堡乡、英买里乡和红旗乡最为严重.盐渍化土壤类型主要为典型盐土、草甸盐土、盐化潮土和残余盐土.导致盐渍化的因素有气候、地形、水文地质、母质和母岩等自然因素,以及灌溉方式和耕作制度等人为因素.提出了该县盐渍地改良的措施.     

固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定饮用水中土嗅素和2-甲基异茨醇

采用固相微萃取法富集,气相色谱-质谱联用法定性和定量测定饮用水中致嗅物质土嗅素和2-甲基异茨醇。研究并讨论优化了纤维头的类型、盐的种类和浓度、温度、萃取时间等因素对异味化合物萃取量的影响。土嗅素和2-甲基异茨醇的检出限分别为1.02、2.13 ng/L,相对标准偏差分别为4.96%、7.74%。2种异味化合物在5~1 000 ng/L的范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.985。因此,用该方法能够很好地分析水中痕量的异味化合物。     

On airborne nano/micro-sized wear particles released from low-metallic automotive brakes

The paper addresses the wear particles released from commercially available “low-metallic” automotive brake pads subjected to brake dynamometer tests. Particle size distribution was measured in situ and the generated particles were collected. The collected fractions and the original bulk material were analyzed using several chemical and microscopic techniques. The experiments demonstrated that airborne wear particles with sizes between 10 nm and 20 μm were released into the air. The numbers of nanoparticles (<100 nm) were by three orders of magnitude larger when compared to the microparticles. A significant release of nanoparticles was measured when the average temperature of the rotor reached 300 °C, the combustion initiation temperature of organics present in brakes. In contrast to particle size distribution data, the microscopic analysis revealed the presence of nanoparticles, mostly in the form of agglomerates, in all captured fractions. The majority of elements present in the bulk material were also detected in the ultra-fine fraction of the wear particles.     

中国风机制造技术转移模式与技术进步效果评价

根据技术转移过程中技术受方的性质,将中国风机制造技术转移分为"外商独资企业"、"中外合资企业"和"中资企业"三种模式.通过技术转移的层次、技术先进程度、技术转移的规模、技术转移的速度,对三种模式下技术转移的效果进行了评价.研究发现,通过技术转移,中国风机制造技术有了迅速的发展,但落后于国际先进水平的情况仍没有改变.中资企业的技术转移模式在转移技术的层次、技术转移规模和技术转移速度上,都要优于外商独资企业和中外合资企业模式,对中国风机制造技术进步的作用更大.在此基础上,本文提出,在中资企业模式下,在引进技术的同时,积极消化吸收,并重视与外国企业开展联合研发,才能最终获得创新能力.这也应当成为中国政府激励政策作用的重点.     

水力旋流器速度场的PDPA测试研究

应用相位多普勒粒子分析仪(PDPA)对液液水力旋流器模型的内部流场进行了测试,分析了旋流器内部速度场的特点。通过进口流量的变化,测试了该模型的不同截面上的速度场分布情况。测试结果表明:随着流量的增大,旋流器轴截面上的速度都增大,旋流变大,有利于连续相和分散相的分离;旋流器中连续相和分散相速度分布趋势相同,但在管芯处,两者速度滑移明显。